Chin Pasal than Josuah Van nih Brazil pa cu sum phomh in a phomh ko khah Uar a um tuk ning Josuah Van-Col.ST
Chinland Geography –Part One Salai Mangpau-Credit: Salai Khin Maung Thein, Chinland Geography- Chinram Khuaram kong :2024 Biahmai`hi– Vawlei kong he pehtlai in Pathian sermi vawlei kokkek sining le minung sermi thil vialte hi ser an rak si cio bantuk tein nihin ah mithmuh in a um rih mi le a um ti lo mi tiin an um. Pathian nih vawlei a rak ser lio hrim in Chin miphun um nakding ah Chinram a hmunhma a rak kan pek cia mi a rak si. Cu bantuk in hlan kan pupa hna nih an rak umnak kan vawlei thil sining kong vialte hi tling tein ṭial dih le ṭial cawk a si lai lo. Chinram cu Pathian nih Chinmi a kan pek mi a si. Miphun dang ram a si lo. Chinram zohkhenh le kilven hi Pathian nih an kan pek mi rian a si. Kan ram cu kan dawt lai; a zawn kan ruah lai; kan uar lai i, kan thangṭhat lai. Kan cawisan lai; Kan kilven lai; kan remh lai i kan ṭhanchoter lai.
“Nihin Kawlram Fimthiamnak zoh tikah pakhatnak cu cunglei hipnak (Centralization), pahnihnak ah Daw Aung San Suu Kyi nih remdaihnak papek in a ṭuan ruang ah fimcawn ning dun le dan a tlangtlak kho ti lo. Pathumnak ah ram pakhat nih fimcawnnak ah budget 20% (UN) a hman lai ti mi ah 5% lawng a hman ruang ah a si tiah Dr. Thein Lwin (Education) nih remdaihnak le fimnak (Peace and Education) tlangtar in a rak chim. A chim rih mi cu “Siangngakchia pakhat ca ah a him mi pawngkam (Secure Environment) serpiak a herh” tiah a ti. Sa le ral kar ah cacawn khawh a si lo. Cun tlangcung mi hna fimcawnnak kong he pehtlai in anmah holh tein cacawnnak nawlpek a herh. A hlei in History le Geography ah anmah ram le an tuanbia cawnnak nawl an ngeih hi a biapi tuk.
Hlanlio Kawl siangpahrang le kawl tuanbia lawngte an rak cawn mi zong hi Kawl le tlangcungmi a kan ṭhenṭhektu pakhat ah ka ruah tiah a chim. Kawl ram fimchimh ning a ṭhat lo nak kong ah a chim mi cu Saya/mate ralkap bantuk in an duhnak poh ah an kalter mi hna hi a si. A ruang cu an kalnak hmun holh an thiam lo i siangngakchia zong nih an holh an thei ve lo. Hi dun le dan nih fimcawnnak a hrawh.
Kawlram uknak zoh tikah Mirang chan (1886- 1948) January tiang kum 62 chung Mirang le Japan uknak tang ah rak um a si. Mirang uknak a dihlei sang ah hin Japan nih kum 3 chung 1942-1945 tiang a rak uk. Mirang uknak chan hi ralkap uknak ti awk a si. Cun Japan chan zong hi ralkap uknak thotho a rak si. Colony Chan, Parliamentary (U Nu chan-1948 in 1962) tiang hi Parliamentary Democracy ti mi Phunglam in rak i uk a si. Mah hi kum 14 chung lawng lawng hi Kawlram tuanbia ah Democracy ti mi cu a rak um bal.
Ṭawhlanzi cozah( Newin hruainak tang ah ralkap uk ning le Socialist (totalitarian) uknak tang ah kum 26 chung in Ralkap uknak (Saw Maung, Than Shwe) chan tiang ah ralkap nih kum 22 an rak kan uk. Thein Sein (USDP nih kum 5), in 2015 kum in nihin NLD chan (U Htin Kyaw hnu ah U Win Myint) chan tiang zoh tikah Kawlram chung ah Chin miphun cu a sifak bik le fimcawnnak lei ah a niam bik le harnak le buainak tampi tonnak he zatlang nun a niam bik dirhmun a kan phanhtertu hi Chinmi lungthin ah philh awk hrim a ṭha lo.
Prime Minister a ṭuan bal mi U Nu nih, 1961 ah Buddha biaknak (Buddhism) kha ram pumpi biaknak ti mi “State Religion” ah a ser. Cu lawng si lo in, 1962 kum ah Ne Win nih U Nuh sin in nawlngeihnak a chuh hnu 1965 kum ah private singinn nganngan le a ṭha deuh pawl kha cozah nih a chuh dih hna. Mah sianginn chuh mi chung in Baptist Sianginn zong 24 aa tel. A dang RC le Methodist le Bu dangdang sianginn zong a chuh dih hna. 1966 ah General Ne Win nih Mirang cacawnnak lawng siloin tlangcung mi vialte holh le cacawnnak nawl kha a phih i Kawl ca le Kawl holh lawng cawnnak nawl a rak tuah.
Master degree laknak ah a herh mi Thesis zong Mirang ca in ṭial tawn mi cu Kawl ca in a ṭialter hna.
Sianginn kip ah Mirang ca in cawn tawn mi ca vialte zong Kawlca in a lehter i Kawlca in cawnter a si dih. 1950s, 1960s hrawnghrang i Asia (Nichuah) ram ah sianginn ṭha bik, mizei poh nih fimthiamnak cawn ding ah an rak i timh dihnak hmun, an rak duh dih mi hmun pakhat cu Rangoon University hi a rak si.
Cucu tuanbia (history) nih a chim mi a si. Kawlram ah siangngakchia hna nih 1930, 1962, 1974, 1977, 1988, 2007, 2015, 2021 kum ah ralkap cozah duh lo nak lamzawmhnak le aunak an rak tuah lio ah siangngakchia hna nih thih ngamh le thongthlak tuar buin lungrualnak an rak langhter caah ralkap cozah hna harnak tampi an tong. Nihin Kawlram cozah sianginn zoh tikah nuhrin covo le mah le thiamnak te in cacawn mi a um lo tluk a si.
Cozah sianginn i ngakchia karlak ah thleidannak a um. Nu le pa sining riansang mi le mirum pawl fale cu hmaingal mi an si. Cawnpiaktu saya cheukhat an sining zoh tikah saya cachimh ning training a kai bal lo mi an um. Tanghra awn hnu ah siangcachim rian an luh colh tikah Distance University in degree an la. University ah an lak mi special major subject ning in ca chim ti loin an cawn setsai lo mi minor subject tu in ca an chimh hna. Cun Textbook pakhat tlaih mi thluak chung ah rawn mi ciahter in caminpuai (exam) phitter a si. Saya cu sianginn khan chung ah nawlngei bik a si. Ralkap uk bantuk in a uk hna. Ralkap cozah nih mino hna anmah le thiamnak hmuh khawhnak fimnak vialte hmanter duh loin lam a ser.
Siangngakchia nih mah le duhthim mi subject an cawng kho rih hoi lo. Formal Education system a si mi tanghra awnnak result zoh in central lei nih duh le duh lo zong ah mark niam bik nih Burmese a lak hau te lai. Tang 9 le tang 10 ah Geography le History an cawn bal lo mi kha Sianghleirun ah Geography maw History maw an major an pek. Mah kha huat a tlai taktak mi fimcawnnak pakhat a si. 1989 kum ah General Saw Maung nih Kawlram min cu; “Union of Burma” in “Union of Myanmar” ah a thlen.
Myanmar cu Kawl miphun min a si i, Anawratha chan (AD1044) in Thibawmin (1885) tiang Kawl nih an uk mi ram kha a chim duh mi cu a si. Mirang kai hlan ah cun Kawl le Myanmar ram chung ah kanmah Chin miphun cu ka rak um bal lo. Cun Kawl pawl nih an chim tawn mi: “Buddha-ba-ta Myanmar Lu-myo” ti mi, “Myanmar na si ahcun Buddha ba-ta na si lai; Buddha-ba-ta na si ahcun Myanmar na si chih lai” ti mi pennak le khurkhua ruahnak chung zong ah kan rak i tel bal lo. Independence chan in nihin ni tiang kan buai bik mi cu Kawl cozah nih Union of Burma cu Union of Myanmar ah a thlen i, Kawlram chung ah a um mi miphun vialte nikhat khat ah Buddha-ba-ta an bia dih te lai; Kawlholh an holh dih te lai; cun Kawl ti mi Myanmar miphun ah an i cang dih te lai, tiah an kalpi mi hi a si. Ram pakhat chung ah miphun phun khat lawng a um lai; biaknak pakhat lawng a um lai i, holh zong pakhat te lawng holh dih a si lai ti mi ruahnak in Kawlram cu an kalpi caah nihin ni tiang kan buai pengnak hi a si.
Nihin chanthar mino nih Chinram Geography chungum thil sining kong hi theih in hmailei kan vawlei chung um mi vialte zohkhenh thiam le Mirang chan lio ah Chinram umtu ning ramri kong (Map) hi zohṭhannak ding ah Political Geography kong zong theih a herh. A rawk mi kan sersiam lai; khuapi kan ser lai, khua kan kauh lai, zolo kan tuah lai tibantuk kan ti tikah vawlei tawlrel ning (land use management) le tupi tawlrel ning (forest management) hna hi a biapi ah kan chiah lo si ahcun hmailei ti kan hmuh nakding ah ṭihnung tuk mi an si. Chinram (Environmental) sining pawl, Tiva, thingkung keuh ningcang, vawlei umtu ning, non chuah ning (soil nutrient) lawng siloin zatlang chawleh chawhrawlnak (Social Economic Geography) le ti thazaang i zatnak kha a chuahter.
Vawlei cung minung kan karh bantukin rawl ca ah siseh, inn hman ding (domestic use) ca ah siseh, ti kan hman ning kha a karh vima. Vawlei cung i ti thazaang (water resources) zong kha kum khat hnu kum khat in a tlawm deuh thuahmah ve. Cucaah, i fonh in ṭuan chuahṭinak (Integrated water resources management) kha a herhtuk nak a si.
Nihin ah caṭialtu nih 2021 kum in hnu lei caan Chinram chung Geogrpahy thil sining dothlatnak ah kan vawlei pi sining hi, nihin le thaizing kong ah aa tleng peng mi a si ruang ah atu Chinram kong dohlatnak ah ka vun langhter mi kong ah cheukhat peng ah mah le khua le ram sining cawn le theih an duh ruang ah le caṭialtu nih cheukhat pengtlang sining ka theih lo mi tampi a um hrimhrim lai. Cucaah ka langhter khawh lo mi le ka theih lo mi ah a tlamtlin lai lo caah careltu nih nan ka theihthiam naklai a hmasa ah nawl ka’n duh mi hna a si.
Chin miphun nih mahte khuakhan lairelnak nawl kan hmuh i miphun dang kut tang in a luat mi miphun le ram kan si tikah hlanlio Chinram ah Chin miphun hna khuasak ningcang kong le aa thleng lengmang mi kan vawlei pumpi sining ah Chinram chungum vialte zong nifa tein aa thlen ve bantuk in hlanlio le nihin in hmailei kong theih khawh le hngalh khawh in Chinram, kan vawlei le minung duhdim nunnak kan hmuh khawh nakhnga zumhnak in mah Chinram Geography kong hi ka vun ṭial mi a si. Geography Phunhnih:
Physical Geography- Physical Geography (or) Systematic Geography chung ah (sub-field) ṭengnge chung in Geomorphology ti mi vawlei a dotdot um ning cawnnak; Meteorology ti mi nikhua can he pehtlai mi cawnnnak; Thingkung ramsa nunnak a ngei mi hna kong cawnnak kha Biogeography tiah cawnnak aa tel. Cun vawlei non a dotdot um mi kong cawnnak kha Soil Geography; vawlei um ti vialte sining le ti a luang ningcang cawnnak kha Hydrology tiah an si.
Nihin vawlei ah uar ngai mi le a herh ngai mi pawngkam sining cawnnak Environmental Engineering, Water Policy le Planning hna hi nunnak a ngei mi vialte nih kan herh bik mi a si. Minung hman mi ti le eidin kong minung sermi cawnnak ah Chemical Hydrology le nunnak ngei minung, thingkung le pawngkam thil vialte khat le khat aa pehtlaih ning cawnnak ah Hydrogeology hi a si. *Hydrogeology cawnnak chung ah hin rili um sining vialte cawnnak cu Oceanography tiah an ti. (Application of Hydrology) cawnnak ah hin, ti lianhnak, Leimin(mincim), ti har te ding mi le ralring te um zia thiamnak, Ti in eidin le thlai cin pek khawhnak kong le ti nih a pek khawh ningcang cawnnak, Ti tha in lak khawh mi mei (Hydro- Electric) kong, Khuachung um mi hna Ti hman thiam khawhnak ning le hman cia mi ti chia hna vawlei tang a luanter thiamnak hna hmanthiamnak vialte aa tel. Vawlei kong vialte kha hmantlak in zuksuai(tial) thiam khawhnak kha Cartography ti a si.
Human Geography- Nifatin minung khuasak nunning he aa pehtlai mi pawncawnnak le kokkek thil sining vialte cawnnak cu Economic Geography, Vawlei cung khua le ram uknak he pehtlaih ning hruainak le ramri kong cawnnak ah Political Geography, Raldohnak pehtlai mi cawnnak cu Military Geography, Khua le ram cio kip milu a kharh ning le ram cheukhat ah milu karh lo in an zor lei panhnak a ruang cawnnnak (Migration) hna le minung hna rianṭuan ning (Occupational Structure) le nifa tein nuncan ning cawnnak (Population Geography) le Demography kong he pehtlai mi Ethnography, Historical Geography, Urban Geography, Linguistic Geography tiin phun tampi cawnnak an um.
Cucaah Geography cawnnak ah hin fimthiam sang pawl nih an chim mi cu minung nih theihhngalh mi kha caṭial, zuaksuai, Kannan in tuak, History (tuanbia) ṭial le theihhngalh, pawcawnnak le chawleh chawhrawlnak kong hna hi hlathlainak ngeih peng ding tiah a tungtlangpi in Geography cawnnak ah cawnnak phun 22 tiang an um. Hlan lio chan minung hna hi milu an tlawn ruang ah miphun pawl zong milu 100-200 kar in khua kip ah ṭhen in rak um cio a si ti hi Geography in theih khawh a si. Minung hna khualtlawngnak, hlathlai (research) tu hna, Raltuk thiam ralbawi hna chimnak zong in theih khawh an si.
Hlan chan Greece, Izipt, Tuluk ram miphun pawl cu khuaza ram kip ah an kal pah buin chingchiahnak an tuah pah lengmang. A.D 1000 hnu Middle age (Chanlei) chan hrawng ah Norway, Sweden ram hna in Vikings pawl nih Europe ram hna, Arab hna nih nichuak hmunlai ( Middle East), Mongo hna nih China (Tuluk) le Asia ram tiin mah le sining le ram hoih in an um cio hna. A.D 1200 in Macopolo nih Asia ram tlawnnak, Khrihfa le Muslism Crusade raldohnak thawngin Europe ram mizapi nih vawlei cung kong an hun theih chinchin. Kum zabu 17 hnu ah Europe ram mi hna nih vawlei thar, hmunthar an tlawn ruang ah vawlei pi a pum ti kha an langhter. Mah hlan vialte ah Khrihfa zumtu hna nih vawlei a per tiah an zumh. Vawlei a pum tiah an zum kho lo. A.D 1650 ah Geography cawn ning thlengtu German mi Bernhardus Vareius hi a si. Amah nih Geography khuaruah khawhnak hi phun 3 in a ṭhen.
- Pakhatnak ah Vawleipi a bitkauh ning tah thiamnak
- Pahnihnak ah Thingkung le Nikhua can rel thiamnak
- Pathumnak ah Khua le ram he aa pehtlai mi kong vialte theihhngalh thiamnak hna an si.
Sihmanhsehlaw Geography cawnnak kong he pehtlai in fimthiamnak thiamsang pawl karlak ah kum 200 tiang bia alnak a um peng. Cu ruang ah Geography kong he pehtlai in ceihmaiṭi ding in a voi khatnak International Geography cawnnak kong biaceihnak cu Belgium ram Antwerp khua ah 1871 kum ah an tuah. Kum zabu 20 tiang cu Geography kong ah hin hlan chan hmuh ning kha hman cio a rak si peng ko. Mah hnu ah Computer hman chan, Satellite hna hi vawlei kong vialte theihhngalh deuh a hun si chin tik ah Geography cawnnak tampi thlennak a hun um.
Chanthar Geography thlengtu hi 1960 kum ah Canada ram Science Fimthiam sang hna nih(GIS) Geographic Information System hrambunh in computer hman chih in Geography fimcawnnak thar hna le hmantlak sining thlennak tampi an hman khawh. Hmantlak Two-or- Three – Dimension ah a thlen khawh. Nihin chan ah cun GIS- hman in Computer chung ah Software thar tampi cu vawlei cung ah hman a si cang. Pehthan ding: Chinram Khuaram kong- Part-2